2004, 61: 185-204. most plants used in Haiti were also available in Cuba), and to the cultivation of medicinal plants in the new environment. Conversely, and to a lesser extent, Haitians contributed to what is today considered as traditional Cuban medicine by introducing into the dominant Cuban community certain specific ethnobotanical practices and uses of plants, as described also in Volpato et al. Among Haitians, these practices are often related to cosmological/ritual numbers, and plant quantities used in the preparation of the remedies and the timing of administration follow these numbers (mainly three and seven; see also Weniger et al. following Len [28], Len and Alain [2931] and Alain [32, 33]. Medicinal plants used by Haitian immigrants and their descendants in the Province of Camagey, Cuba. Paul A, Cox PA: An ethnobotanical survey of the uses for Citrus aurantium (Rutaceae) in Haiti. Sister Francis is a religious woman whose backyard is filled with the healing bushes she grew up using in Jamaica. Rituality based on 'sacred' numbers represents, in these cases, a simple way of memorizing the proper dose to be used, as well as a contribution to the efficacy of the remedy by calling upon supernatural forces and entities related to those numbers. For example, a small spoonful of the hairs of the fruits of Mucuna pruriens is mixed with Psidium guayaba jam and ingested before breakfast for three days; the massive diarrhea that follows is supposed to eliminate all worms from the gut and the stomach, as reported also by Seoane [16]. In Michel Laguerre's book he tells of a Haitian woman who makes herself ill by eating the head of a turkey. 2006, Binghamton, NY: Haworth Press, 213-235. The use of herbal medicine is common in Haiti, where the knowledge of plants is passed down through the generations, and Haitians are known to use the hibiscus flower and the cerasee plant . Code of ethics of the American Anthropological Association. 1991, 22: 55-76. Rituality based on 'sacred' numbers represents, in these cases, a simple way of memorizing the proper dose to be used, as well as a contribution to the efficacy of the remedy by calling upon supernatural forces and entities related to those numbers. Comisin Nacional de Nombres Geogrficos: Diccionario Geogrfico de Cuba. Among those plants with shared uses are species that are widely used in Cuban pharmacopoeia such as Bidens pilosa, Boldoa purpuracens, Phyla scaberrima, Pluchea carolinensis, and Rheedia aristata, whose medicinal uses may have partly been adopted by migrants, as well as medicinal plants that are common to the Caribbean pharmacopoeia whose use Haitians and Cubans shared prior to migration: examples include the use of Cecropia schrebiana as an anticatarrhal; of Carica papaya, Chenopodium ambrosioides and Psidium guajava to treat intestinal parasites; of Lepidium virginicum as a carminative and diuretic; and of Zingiber officinale to treat colds, catarrh, and rheumatic pains. I was fortunate to have three solid sources of information on herbs in Haiti: Laguerre's Afro-Caribbean Folk Medicine, Colon's Traditional Use of Medicinal Plants in the Province of Pedernales, Santo Domingo, and Jordan's Voodoo Medicine. More than 50% of the mixtures are used to treat afflictions of the respiratory system. She learned from her mother, who learned from her mother, who learned from her mother and so on. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Ethnobotanical knowledge is dynamic for any given culture and it changes as it is transferred and appropriated by people who are adapting to new environments [44, 45]. Viladrich A: Between bellyaches and lucky charms. Cerasee or asosi is typically prepared as a tea: Wash the vine; throw it into a pot of water --leaves, stems and all. only with the new moon [42]), where the remedy is ingested periodically throughout the year. An infusion (tea) of senna is given to expel worms, reduce biliousness (belching and indigestion), and as an all-purpose laxative (Kloss, 312; Santillo, 175). Five formulas have been reported as miel de gira (siw kalbaz in Creole), whose main ingredient is the fruit of Crescentia cujete. 2007, Oxford: Berghahn, 245-269. In: Pieroni A, Price LL, editor. Exceptions to this are the works of Brutus and Pierre-Noel, Len, and Weniger et al. Remedies prepared by heating plant parts in fire (four per cent) are mostly used for topical applications (e.g. The European slave owners were not without their healing knowledge, too. We aim to make significant improvements in the health of the Haitian population while keeping our company strong. GV drafted the manuscript. There are many varieties such as peppermint, spearmint, lemonmint and horsemint. In the latter province, they mainly settled in Haitian communities such as Caidije and Guanamaca, thus permitting the perpetuation of their own culture, including the voodoo religion and the creole language [9-12]. Fieldwork was carried out from December 2002March 2003 and from FebruaryJuly 2004. 1CERES Research School, Department of Social Sciences, Wageningen University, Hollandseweg 1, NL-6706 Wageningen, the Netherlands, 2CIMAC, Centro de Investigaciones de Medio Ambiente de Camagey, Cuba. Revista Cubana de Alimentacin y Nutricin. The decoction of fresh herbal components is by far the preferred means to prepare medicinal remedies, accounting for almost 60% of all preparations, which is similar to what has been found in traditional Cuban medicine [15,17,19]. Haiti is tropical and ginseng and goldenseal need cool, shady forest slopes to grow in. The ethnic and cultural composition of contemporary Caribbean populations are the result of historical population movements through the slave trade and inter-island migration and of the legacy of the different ethnicities involved in the process of national identity formation. Besides Haitians, other ethnic groups in the Province include Jamaicans and Chinese. Consuming 2 or three Echinacea capsules twice a day can soothe extreme frustrations as well as other kinds . The species belong to 112 genera and 63 families, with a prevalence of Annona and Citrus (three species each) among the genera, and among the families of Fabaceae (9.8%), Asteraceae (6.5%), Euphorbiaceae and Verbenaceae (4.9%), Lamiaceae and Rutaceae (3.3%). Edited by: Pieroni A, Vandebroek I. The continuous ingestion of low doses of the allelochemicals in these species may be an effective means to prevent massive parasite infestations, especially in children [43]. Consequently, there is little data in the literature about the ethnobotanical knowledge and practices of Haitians in Cuba, with the exception of Volpato et al. In Haiti, Voodoo priests, or hougans, use homemade remedies consisting of herbs and exotic plants to cure patients. This paper focuses on traditional medicinal plant uses of Haitian immigrants and their descendants in the Province of Camagey, Cuba. An ethnobotanical investigation was conducted to collect information on medicinal plant use by Haitian immigrants and their descendants in the Province of Camagey, Cuba. Besides single medicinal plants, 22 herbal mixtures, mostly prepared as a concoction of plants or plant parts, are reported. One natural remedy that can be made from the plants and herbs in your herb garden is a frustration painkiller called Echinacea. Davis had found Datura growing in Haiti. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2001, Guantnamo, Cuba: Editorial el mar y la montaa, Nevet M, De la Rosa AS: Kote ou bouke m pote. 1992, 39: 9-22. Due to its mostly flat territory, the Province of Camagey historically had an economy primarily based on cattle and sugarcane, as well as small-scale farming. Throughout the field study, the ethical guidelines adopted by the American Anthropological Association [27] were followed. 1995, 49: 249-256. 10.1007/BF00052650. Inventaire ethnopharmacologique. Jordan confirms these abortifacient qualities in his work, Voodoo Medicine. Haitian ethnobotanical practices related to traditional posology often follow cosmological/ritual numbers, both for plant quantities and timing of administration. 10.1016/j.jep.2005.05.018. Besides single medicinal plants, 22 herbal mixtures, mostly prepared as a concoction of plants or plant parts, are reported. Although no census of Haitians (residents or descendants) in Cuba has been done to date, we can roughly estimate the number of Haitians and their descendants in the Province of Camagey at about 50,000 or 67% of the population. Brutus TC, Pierre-Noel AV: Les plantes et legumes d'Haiti qui guerrissent. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. Also, cricket's (genus Acheta and Neoconocaephalus) legs are boiled in water and the decoction is then drunk by children and older people who have urination problems. About 40% of the total population of the province lives in the city of Camagey; almost 200,000 people live in rural areas. y tienen faxones y fabas muy diversos de los nuestros " Origin, Evolution and Diversity of Cuban Plant Genetic Resources. In some Caribbean grocery stores and health food stores,cerasee is sold in tea bags or dried. The research project has been funded by a grant to Gabriele Volpato from the CERES Programme for Innovative PhD Research at Wageningen University (CEPIP-W). Vervain is a popular remedy due to its multiple plant-beneficial compounds. Because of the importation of workers for plantation slavery, a vast body of knowledge departed Africa for the New World. DeSantis' appointed board approves a lawsuit against Disney, South Florida professor allegedly fired over racial justice unit files civil rights complaint, Gas prices across Florida are on the decline and could get even lower, Florida LGBTQ+ lawmaker tells the GOP: 'Im literally trying to exist', The Symphonia's climate change-themed concert series concludes with 'Water', Favorite Zip Odes: Poems about cafecito, heat, language and I-95 traffic, Bumping Lady Gaga off the charts? Today's Cubans rely for food and medicine on a mixed culture that draws upon wisdom originating mainly from Indian, African, Spanish, and Antillean ethnic groups [15]. A few other remedies of non-vegetal origin were also reported. Often, a decoction of leaves and aerial parts is prepared, sometimes in combinations of different species, and left to cool, or otherwise these vegetal parts are smashed and directly added to the bath water. 2009, 37 (1): 43-53. Economic Botany. Additional file 1: Medicinal plants used by Haitian immigrants and their descendants in the Province of Camagey, Cuba. Topical application as a pomade or plaster is used in 10% of the remedies, while frictioning, preferred with preparations for rheumatisms and arthritis, accounts for two per cent. She learned from her mother, who learned from her mother, who learned from her mother and so on. GV and DG conceived and designed the research. PubMed Nowadays Haitians are mostly integrated into mainstream Cuban society, although many of them maintain a small-scale farming and livestock production as a base for their livelihoods. Boil and simmer until the water turns a murky greenish brown. By listening to them, going along into the woods when they gathered and doing reading on my own, I too began to gather and use medicinal herbs. The rapid disappearance of Haitian migrants' traditional culture due to integration and urbanization suggests that unrecorded ethnomedicinal information may be lost forever. Prez de la Riva J: Cuba y la migracin antillana. Accessibility Other therapeutic uses treat afflictions of the reproductive apparatus (menstrual disorders, ovary pain, vaginal infections, as an aphrodisiac; about 9%), skin afflictions (wounds, burns, rashes; about 9%), helminth worm infections (about 7%), and renal afflictions (diuretic, depurative; about 7%). Richard Allen To some, the wild green plant with five point leaves may be just an annoying weed, but to many in South Floridas Caribbean community Jamaicans, Bahamians,Trinidadians, Haitians -- its the "it" plant for just about every ailment. In this context, traditional ethnobotanical practices are sometimes reconstituted as part of Haitian culture [14]. 10.1016/0378-8741(86)90070-X. Map of Cuba with the Province of Camagey. About 10% each of the remedies are prepared by means of juice extraction and infusion. Although they are also reported in Beyra et al. A fresh pot of cerasee or asosi tea, a traditional plant used across the Caribbean for all ailments. and Bidens pilosa are added to treat congestions of the respiratory system, whereas 'hot' plants (e.g. Among these, a mixture prepared with the fruit of Crescentia cujete as a main ingredient is highly regarded by Haitians and is considered as a panacea. This figure is based on a comparison with data from another province that also absorbed much Haitian migration to Cuba, the Province of Guantanamo [13]. Red sage is an herb found in both locales and is known to be an emmenagogue, or that which promotes menstrual flow (Kloss, 308; Laguerre, 94; Colon, 161). Volpato G, Godnez D. Ethnobotany of Pru, a traditional Cuban refreshment. with Momordica charantia, Hamelia patens), as well as to treat skin infections such as carbuncles, to alleviate itching, and to fortify children who have 'fragile health'. Boil and simmer until the water turns a murky greenish brown. Often performed during the new year and around holidays, voudou baths are designed to bestow various blessings from God: anything from better cash flow to improved health or a new baby. and transmitted securely. Macia M, Garcia E, Vidaurre PJ: An ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants commercialized in the markets of La Paz and El Alto, Bolivia. During the period 19001930, more than half a million Haitians entered the country legally or illegally [6,7]. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. Brandon G: The uses of plants in healing in an Afro-Cuban religion, Santeria. Consuming 2 or three Echinacea pills two times a day can relieve serious frustrations and also other sorts of migraines. The most frequently used species are Chenopodium ambrosioides, Cissus verticillata, Cocos nucifera, Crescentia cujete, Cymbopogon citratus, Lippia alba, Momordica charantia, Pimenta dioica, Portulaca oleracea, Psidium guajava, and Stachytarpheta jamaicensis. Quinine has quite a reputation for being used in the past to induce abortion. Some 22 herbal mixtures are reported, including formulas for a preparation obtained using the fruit of Crescentia cujete. Freshly picked mint from the backyard will ease the pain. Ozark people are surely not as impoverished as Haitians and they have better access to doctors and hospitals, but the majority of improvements to this area of Missouri have come within the past fifty years, and before that time, an old-fashioned way of curing one's ills was the tradition. Five formulas have been reported as miel de gira (siw kalbaz in Creole), whose main ingredient is the fruit of Crescentia cujete. She is a believer of remed fey, or bush medicine. The hairs of the fruit of this plant contain formic acid and mucunain, which are so toxic that they were used as homicidal poisons in Africa [40,41]. Once in the field, we asked for the help of the local government officers responsible for health (doctors or nurses from the local hospital) to determine whether there were any elderly Haitians living in the locality and precisely where. CD ROM Atlas Etnogrficos de Cuba. In the Caribbean, however, the herbal bath carries an even holier association as a major component of Haitian Voudou (frequently westernized as "Voodoo"). An ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants commercialized in the markets of La Paz and El Alto, Bolivia. Chemical Ecology. 1974, La Habana: Instituto Cubano del Libro. To gain further insights, we qualitatively compared our results with those reported in other Cuban ethnobotanical studies [18, 19, 42, 49] and especially with the work of Beyra et al. Therefore, herbs are the medicine of choice and necessity. New York: McGraw-Hill, pp. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. Mixtures (components, parts used, preparation and means of use) are given in Table 1, whereas the presence of species in mixtures is reported in Additional file 1. Although in the recent past there has been an increase in ethnobotanical and ethnomedicinal investigations in Cuba [15-19], these have generally not paid attention to the specific ethnic knowledge that immigrants have contributed to traditional Cuban medicine. This lapse of time is long enough to permit insights to be drawn regarding the process of transformation and adaptation of ethnomedicinal knowledge after migration and in the ways in which the progressive integration of migrants in the host culture modifies this knowledge. My mom comes from a line of Haitian women herbalists from Gonaives, Haiti. Edited by: Hammer K, Esquivel M, Knpffer H. 1992, Gatersleben, Germany: Institut fr Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung, 1: 83-109. I was fortunate to have three solid sources of information on herbs in Haiti: Laguerre's Afro-Caribbean Folk Medicine, Colon's Traditional Use of Medicinal Plants in the Province of Pedernales, Santo Domingo, and Jordan's Voodoo Medicine. Additional file 1 lists the plant species cited by informants in alphabetical order according to their scientific name, along with their botanical families, vernacular Cuban and Haitian names (as reported by informants during the fieldwork), voucher specimen numbers, parts used, preparation of the remedies, medicinal use, and frequency of mention. The vervain plant is a lesser-known herbal remedy, but it has a lengthy history of medicinal use when it comes to a variety of systems in the body . [15] and in other studies about traditional Cuban medicine [18, 42], their use among Cubans is not as widespread or as differentiated as among Haitian descendants. [21-25]. Chenopodium ambrosioides, Momordica charantia) are used to treat intestinal parasites. Esquivel M, Fuentes V, Martnez C, Martnez J, Hammer K. The African influence from an Ethnobotanical Point of View. Fuentes V: Sobre la medicina tradicional en Cuba. The study of Haitian immigrants' traditional medicine in this context not only represents an interesting case about medicinal plant use, but also records knowledge that is rapidly disappearing with the death of older Haitian migrants. Some locals say that Voodoo succeeds where modern medicine can't, but that the religion is often misunderstood. Anales del Jardn Botnico de Madrid. Una visin del caso haitiano. New York: Paragon, 1989. Her go-to cure-all medicinal plant is asosi, also called cerasee or corailee in the English-speaking Caribbean. leaves applied to the forehead to treat headache). Below are the links to the authors original submitted files for images. More than 50% of the mixtures are used to treat afflictions of the respiratory system. She uses many local herbs and plants, such as chamomile and thyme (left basket) and ginger root (center baskets), to alleviate afflictions that include coughs, other cold symptoms and menstruation . Its worse than cod liver oil.. Across the yard is a towering shrub with yellow flower clusters shapedlike a candle. Nevertheless, some culturally relevant products such as dried or fresh specimens of Artemisia absinthium and fruits and seeds of Abelmoschus esculentus were brought to Cuba upon migration (Figure (Figure2).2). Citrus aurantium was found to be used medicinally to treat colds, fevers, hepatic disorders, gall bladder problems, rheumatism, epilepsy, emotional shock, bruising internally and externally, skin blemishes and digestive problems. Haitian's knowledge about plants seems to comprehend and deal with toxic allelochemicals through specific posological practices. Traveling Plants and Cultures The Ethnobiology and Ethnopharmacy of Migrations. [25]). Lee RA, Balick MJ, Ling DL, Sohl F, Brosi BJ, Raynor W. Cultural dynamism and change An example from the Federated states of Micronesia. It is known in both locales as a blood purifier or that which promotes a cleaning action of the liver, kidneys, spleen and bowels. While I was able to match several Haitian herbs with American counterparts, I was a little disappointed that I could find no mention of the "biggies" of American herbal pharmacoepeia in Caribbean plant botany. Those who arrived in the 1940s came either by plane or boat, although they were migrating mostly for the same reasons. The Haitian herbalist and her Ozark counterpart share a similarity: they both gather and use herbs because of necessity. The Province of Camagey is located between 2031'01" and 2229'00" latitude North and 7657'00" longitude West from Greenwich. Paul A, Cox PA. An ethnobotanical survey of the uses for. Decoction of fresh herbal components (mainly leaves and other aerial parts) is the preferred means to prepare medicinal remedies. Cerasse vine intertwined with other plants growing in Cacheta Francis' North Miami Beach backyard. Dried cerassee for sale at Grace Seafood in Miami Gardens. Due to its mostly flat territory, the Province of Camagey historically had an economy primarily based on cattle and sugarcane, as well as small-scale farming. Scientific name, botanical family, vernacular Cuban and Haitian name(s), voucher specimen number, part(s) used, preparation, use(s), and frequency of mention are . . 1998, 32: 57-62. Ingestion is the preferred means to administer the remedies and accounts for 62% of all applications. (Kloss, 300; Laguerre, 30). Consequently, there is little data in the literature about the ethnobotanical knowledge and practices of Haitians in Cuba, with the exception of Volpato et al. De Smet PAGM. Cabrera L: El Monte. Other medicinal uses reported in this study and also commonly found in the Cuban pharmacopoeia include the use of the aerial parts of Cissus verticillata for respiratory problems, of the young fruit of Cocos nucifera and the leaves of Portulaca oleracea for intestinal parasites, of the bark and the leaves of Mangifera indica for gastrointestinal and respiratory problems respectively. Although in the recent past there has been an increase in ethnobotanical and ethnomedicinal investigations in Cuba [1519], these have generally not paid attention to the specific ethnic knowledge that immigrants have contributed to traditional Cuban medicine. Revealing Latinos' plant-healing knowledge and practices in New York City. Baths are also prepared to rid people of the 'bad' and the 'evil eye', a practice known in Afro-Cuban religions as despojo [34, 35], mainly using species such as Vitex trifolia, Trichilia glabra, Alpinia speciosa, Allophyllus cominia. Scientific name, botanical family, vernacular Cuban and Haitian name(s), voucher specimen number, part(s) used, preparation, use(s), and frequency of mention are reported for 123 plant species used for medicinal purposes. Pieroni A, Mnz H, Akbulut M, Baser KHC, Durmuskahya C. Traditional phytotherapy and transcultural pharmacy among Turkish immigrants living in Cologne, Germany. Data also suggest that culturally relevant plants (those cited by more informants and with a greater number of uses) are often used in different qualitative ways by migrants and hosts. Gabriele Volpato. 2005, Managua & Santo Domingo: TRAMIL, 2. They both grow well in Ozark soil which contains a lot of limestone sediment. Have a sore throat? The magic . 1. The hairs of the fruit of this plant contain formic acid and mucunain, which are so toxic that they were used as homicidal poisons in Africa [40, 41]. (PDF 182 KB). Almost five per cent of the remedies are used without processing, which is especially the case for fruits eaten as medicinal foods (e.g. The present investigation shows that Haitian migrants and their descendants living in the Province of Camagey (Cuba) have medicinal uses for 123 plant species belonging to 112 genera in 63 families. [15] who interviewed 29 Cuban informants across the Province of Camagey and reported 111 species used for medicinal purposes. Esquivel M, Fuentes V, Martnez C, Martnez J, Hammer K: The African influence from an Ethnobotanical Point of View. Original music by Dan Powell and . A preliminary study on Haitian plant use revealed that Citrus aurantium (Rutaceae), common name "zorange si" was utilized in a wide variety of ways. They are used to treat rashes in children caused by measles and smallpox (e.g. Anyone who has seen a cat lolling around blissfully on a pile of catnip knows that this herb can produce a definite reaction.. This video showcases plants used for post labor bath and tea as Haitian mother explains the importance of traditional medicine. 1998, Santiago de Cuba, Cuba: Editorial Oriente, Creole Language and Culture: Part of Cuba's Cultural Patrimony. Once in the field, we asked for the help of the local government officers responsible for health (doctors or nurses from the local hospital) to determine whether there were any elderly Haitians living in the locality and precisely where. Among the Haitians interviewed, 21 migrated to Cuba between 19131926, ten are the offspring of Haitian couples who entered Cuba during the same period, and three more left Haiti between 19461954. In: Hammer K, Esquivel M, Knpffer H, editor. In this article we have presented the medicinal plants' knowledge of Haitians in Cuba as it is today, approximately 80 years after migration. Boletn de Resea de Plantas Medicinales. One home remedy that can be made from the plants and natural herbs in your herb garden is a frustration pain reliever called Echinacea. Kote ou bouke m pote Cultura haitiana en Esmeralda. Migrants confront a different sociocultural context and new environments where specific plants may no longer be available and traditional practices may come under pressure and therefore may be progressively adapted or abandoned [46]. Springer Nature. The complexity of practices related to traditional posology is rarely investigated in ethnobotanical and ethnopharmacological studies. But, says Davis, "there were a lot of problems with the Datura hypothesis. Miel de gira is considered as a panacea, and its use is apparently widespread among Cuban and Cuban-Haitian populations as a preventive and a remedy, when it is taken in small spoons in doses of from one to five spoons per day [16]. Juice extraction is mostly used for green parts and is preferred over decoction and infusion for topical applications. Haiti is one of the leading producers of vetiver in the world. Baths are the second more important category of means of application at almost 16% of the total. Fieldwork was carried out from December 2002March 2003 and from FebruaryJuly 2004. The decoction of fresh herbal components is by far the preferred means to prepare medicinal remedies, accounting for almost 60% of all preparations, which is similar to what has been found in traditional Cuban medicine [15, 17, 19]. California Privacy Statement, Once they found themselves in Cuba, the main strategies that Haitian migrants used to maintain their ethnomedicinal practices depended principally on the floristic similarity between Haiti and Cuba (i.e. They brought plants and they brought their collective memories. Other medicinal uses reported in this study and also commonly found in the Cuban pharmacopoeia include the use of the aerial parts of Cissus verticillata for respiratory problems, of the young fruit of Cocos nucifera and the leaves of Portulaca oleracea for intestinal parasites, of the bark and the leaves of Mangifera indica for gastrointestinal and respiratory problems respectively. CAS Traveling Plants and Cultures The Ethnobiology and Ethnopharmacy of Migrations. Also, in the anthelmintic use of Chenopodium ambrosioides, we can distinguish a posology for acute episodes (three buds every day before breakfast for three or seven days), and a posology for chronic infection (e.g. Estudio etnobotnico I. Fuentes V. Plants in Afro-Cuban Religions. My mom comes from a line of Haitian women herbalists from Gonaives, Haiti. government site. Often, a decoction of leaves and aerial parts is prepared, sometimes in combinations of different species, and left to cool, or otherwise these vegetal parts are smashed and directly added to the bath water. Most of those interviewed are elderly people living in remote rural areas; they often live alone since, because of their age, their husbands and wives have passed away and their children, if any, have migrated mainly to major Cuban cities (e.g. Loma Linda, CA: Back to Eden Books, 1987. Especially over the last decade, Haitians in Cuba have begun to rediscover their roots and revitalize their traditional culture by forming Haitian associations and groups and celebrating festivals and other events. Miel de gira is considered as a panacea, and its use is apparently widespread among Cuban and Cuban-Haitian populations as a preventive and a remedy, when it is taken in small spoons in doses of from one to five spoons per day [16]. The use of medicinal herbs is highly developed. The authors declare that they have no competing interests. She said, Once you see this crazy woman on the side of the street picking up bush, you can say, Oh, shes from the island. Herbal baths are important in Haitian culture in both spiritual and medicinal practices, and represent the second most important category of administration, after ingestion.
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