Monograph no. 4364.0.55.001. In 201112, most adults who were overweight or obese were also inactive or insufficiently active, and/or had inadequate fruit and vegetable consumption (Figure 4.4.2). This build-up increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Case A, Lubotsky D & Paxson C 2002. While use of drugs such as cannabis, ecstasy and methamphetamines has generally declined since 2004, the proportion of people using cocaine has been increasing since 2004. Annual Review of Public Health 17:44965. AODTS NMDS: Alcohol and Other Drug Treatment Services, National Minimum Data Set. Of people aged 14 and over, 8.1% (or 1.5 million) had used cocaine in their lifetime, and 2.1% (or about 400,000 people) had used it in the previous 12 months. Biomedical risk factors can have an interactive or cumulative effect on disease risk. Please enable JavaScript to use this website as intended. This essay explores the validity and utility of this model predominantly in the context of the Australia and the Northern Territory (NT). Brown L, Thurecht L & Nepal B 2012. National Health Survey: first results, 201415. Over the 5 years to 201314, alcohol has consistently been the drug-related principal diagnosis with the highest number of hospital separations, increasing from 61,000 to nearly 66,000 hospitalisations in that time (from about 280 to 282 hospitalisations per 100,000) (AIHW analysis of the National Hospital Morbidity Database). The proportion of people who reported never smoking rose from 58% in 2010 to 60% in 2013. 1. National Health Survey: first results, Australia, 201415. In 2011, tobacco smoking was the leading risk factor contributing to death and disease in Australia and was responsible for 9.0% of the total burden of disease and injury. Since 2009, the global market for amphetamine-type stimulants (ATSseeBox 4.5.4) has increased substantially. Melbourne: Hanover Welfare Services, University of Melbourne, Melbourne City Mission and Adelaide: University of Adelaide. Current medical models assume that all illness is secondary to disease. no. Absolute measures are important for decision makers, especially where goals in absolute terms have been set, since they allow a better appraisal of the size of a public health problem. Retrieved from https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/australias-health/australias-health-2016, Australia's health 2016. Cardiovascular, diabetes and chronic kidney disease series no. 2011). Perinatal statistics series no. Australian Drug Trends Series No. According to WHO, the social conditions in which people are born, live and work is the single most important determinant of good health or ill health. Determinants of health are factors that influence how likely we are to stay healthy or to become ill or injured. no. The IRSD is one of four indices compiled by the ABS using information collected in the Census of Population and Housing (ABS 2013). NRHA (National Rural Health Alliance) 2015. Many AIHW reports include analysis of health indicators based on socioeconomic position, for example,Mortality inequalities in Australia 20092011. Source:AIHW analysis of ABS 201112 Australian Health Survey. This included 57% with uncontrolled out-of-range blood lipids and 6.6% with normal blood lipid levels who were taking lipid-modifying medication (AIHW analysis of ABS 2014; AIHW 2015). However, using a purity-adjusted price of both powder and crystal, based on Victorian data, Scott et al. According to the 2013 National Drug Strategy Household Survey (NDSHS), around 2.9 million people in Australia aged 14 and over were estimated to have used illicit drugs in the previous 12 months, and 8 million were estimated to have done so in their lifetime (AIHW 2014b). The proportion of the population inactive or insufficiently active increased with age in 201415, from 40% for those aged 1824 to 59% for those aged 65 and over. More than half (55%) of Indigenous adults in remote areas spent more than 30 minutes in the previous day undertaking physical activity or walking 20% spent less than 30 minutes, 21% did no physical activity, while data were missing for 4% (ABS 2014b). 2002). 2006). Alcohol use was responsible for 5.1% of the total burden of disease and injury in Australia in 2011. This chapter also looks at illicit drug use, which contributes to substantial illness, disease and many deaths in Australia. Canberra: ABS. Collins DJ & Lapsley HM 2008. The United Kingdom and the WHO Regional Office for Europe have both conducted reviews of political action required to narrow health inequalities (Marmot 2010; WHO 2013b). Is social capital the key to inequalities in health? While there was no increase in methamphetamine use in 2013, there was a change in the main form of methamphetamines used, with crystal replacing powder as the preferred form of the drug. McKetin R, Ross J, Kelly E, Baker A, Lee N, Lubman DI et al. This provides essential information for policies, programs and practices which seek to address social determinants in order to reduce health gaps (Harper & Lynch 2006). Dimensions of workworking hours, job control, demands and conditionshave an impact on physical and mental health (Barnay 2015). Annual Review of Public Health 26:135. In 201112, 3.1% of adults or 416,000 Australians had IFG. Harper S, King NB, Meersman SC, Reichman ME, Breen N & Lynch J 2010. Cat. 58. 85% of Indigenous children aged 214, and 97% of Indigenous adults aged 15 and over, had inadequate daily fruit and/or vegetable intake, 22% of Indigenous children aged 214, and 58% of Indigenous adults aged 15 and over, did not eat the daily intake of fruit (2 serves), recommended in the 2013 National Health and Medical Research Council guidelines. Based on self-reported data from the NHS in 201718, an estimated 99,700 adults reported that they had high glucose levels measured in their blood or urine. Safe, affordable and secure housing is associated with better health, which in turn impacts on people's participation in work, education and the community. DOI: 10.1111/1753-6405.12414. Shepherd CCJ, Li J & Zubrick SR 2012. Each data source has different reference periods, counting units and sample sizes, see 'Data sources'. A number of data-development activities have been identified to enhance the AODTS NMDS, including a review of treatment types and settings to better reflect current practice in the AOD sector; analysis of existing data items on pharmaceutical misuse and their involvement in polydrug use; and exploration of options for capturing treatment outcomes. The number of national seizures followed similar trends, increasing from 10,543 in 200910 to 26,805 in 201314. Although individual measures of socioeconomic position are included in some health data sets, area-based measures can be calculated from most collections. Burden of disease refers to the quantified impact of living with and dying prematurely from a disease or injury. Physical inactivity is a risk factor associated with several potentially preventable chronic diseases that are prevalent in the Indigenous population, including cardiovascular disease, hypertension and diabetes. Note:Each point represents a Medicare Local administrative health region. The ABS has commenced collection of a new Intergenerational Health and Mental Health Study which will include measurement of selected biomedical risk factors. Indigenous adults were nearly twice as likely to have abnormally high triglycerides compared with non-Indigenous adults (27% compared with 14% respectively, a rate ratio of 1.9). For example, high blood pressure and dyslipidaemia are often related to poor diet and being overweight. While national data are available, they have not been available at a regional level since 1997. 2014). Cat. Illicit drug use varies across different population groups in Australia andFigure 4.5.3focuses on those groups that show some of the largest disparities in illicit drug use compared with the general populationIndigenous people; people who were unemployed; people identifying as homosexual or bisexual; people with a mental illness; and people living in remote areas. This model views the body as a machine that can be fixed when a part breaks down. Barriers remain, however, in adopting a social determinants approach. After adjusting for differences in age structure, Indigenous adults were more likely than non-Indigenous adults to not have undertaken the recommended activity levels in the last week (64% compared with 56%) (Figure 4.8.1). This is the lowest level since 196263 (ABS 2015). Canberra: AIHW. Numbers are rounded to the nearest 100, except for use numbers, which are rounded to the nearest 10,000. the proportion of recent methamphetamine users who reported smoking the drug increased significantly (from 19% to 41%), and the proportion swallowing the drug decreased significantly (from 36% to 26%), probably reflecting the shift in main form used from powder to crystal, among recent meth/amphetamine users, the number who 'mainly' and 'ever' used crystal, and the number who 'frequently' used crystal (at least once per week) all increased (Figure 4.5.5), it was estimated that there were around 120,000 more recent methamphetamine users who used crystal as their main form in 2013, compared with 2010 (AIHW 2015d) (Note, this only represents those people who reported that they used crystal as their main form in the previous 12 months; the number is likely to be higher as it does not represent all crystal users. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Performance Framework: 2014 report. The Closing the Gap Clearinghouse at the AIHW has produced a number of reports that discuss how social determinants influence Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health outcomes, and how these determinants are associated with the health gap (AIHW 2015d). Dependent children living in the lowest socioeconomic areas in 2013 were 3.6 times as likely to be exposed to tobacco smoke inside the home as those living in the highest socioeconomic areas (7.2% compared with 2.0%) (AIHW analysis of the 2013 National Drug Strategy Household Survey). These agencies provide data to the Online Services Report collection. The most recent estimate of the social and economic costs of tobacco smoking is for 200405. ABS cat. After adjusting for differences in age structure, Indigenous people aged 15 and over were 1.1 times as likely as non-Indigenous people to have exceeded the guidelines for single-occasion risk (50% and 44% respectively) (Figure 4.8.1). a range of factors influence a person's healthfrom biomedical factors such as blood pressure, cholesterol levels and body weight, to . Investment in early childhood development has great potential to reduce health inequalities, with the benefits especially pronounced among the most vulnerable children (Heckman & Mosso 2014). American Journal of Public Health 102(1):10717. AIHW 2015d. Dependent users have been found to be three times as likely to experience psychotic symptoms as non-dependent users (McKetin et al. In 201415, around 70,000 emergency department presentations for alcohol/ drug abuse and alcohol/drug induced mental disorders were reported, based on diagnosis information. A glossary for health inequalities. 2011. It is estimated that illicit drug use costs the Australian economy $8.2 billion annually through crime, productivity losses and health care costs (Collins & Lapsley 2008). This was highest in people aged 75 and over (96%) (AIHW analysis of ABS 2014; AIHW 2015). Biomedical risk factors represent bodily states that contribute to the development of chronic disease, for example, high blood pressure and high blood cholesterol levels (see Chapter 5 'Biomedical risk factors' and Chapter 4 'Chronic diseaseAustralia's biggest health challenge'). Amphetamine-related hospital separations have also risen. no. To maintain the safety of survey respondents and ABS Interviewers, the survey was collected via online, self-completed forms. National Health Survey, first results 201415. Unemployed people were 1.6 times as likely to use cannabis, 2.4 times as likely to use meth/amphetamines and 1.8 times as likely to use ecstasy as employed people in 2013 (AIHW 2014e). The proportion with high blood pressure increased with age, from 6% for people aged 1824 years to 47% for people aged 75 and over.
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