When a shipmate pulled them out, they did it again. CNN . Search operations continued until August 8, 1945. When we were in Mare Island, a very large box was put into the port hangar and thats where everybodys attention, including mine, was put. Of those who did abandon ship, most casualties were due to injuries sustained aboard the ship, dehydration, exhaustion, drinking salt water and shark attacks. Photographed on Guam in August 1945, following the rescue of her survivors. Following the conclusion of his studies, he will proceed to flight school in Pensacola, FL. An additional point of controversy is evidence that the admirals in the United States Navy were primarily responsible for placing the ship in harm's way. In 1978, the events surrounding McVay's court-martial were dramatized in The Failure to ZigZag by playwright John B. Ferzacca. Per standard Navy procedure, a Court of Inquiry was then established by Pacific Fleet Commander Fleet Admiral Chester Nimitz, to investigate the causes of Indy 's sinking. "On behalf of Christine McVie's . Harold Bray, Seaman Second Class, Repair Division: The ship was looking goodnew paint, some new guns. Indianapolis during World War II. Although about 380 ships of the U.S. Navy were lost in combat in World War II,[10] McVay was the only captain to be court-martialed for the loss of his ship. Lab tests confirmed that she had died of the 'toxic effects of methamphetamine' and thus her overdose deemed to be accidental. His breathing shallows and tears stream down his tortured face. Captain McVay made every effort to send a distress call on the radio. Kings eyes mist over as he tells his story, and with his arms swimming in the sleeves of an old blue bathrobe, his hands draw pictures in the air. The suicides, the drowning, the hypothermia, the exposure, the saltwater poisoning, and the shark attacks continued on for two more endless nights. Timothy McVeigh killed so many people that there wasn't enough space at the federal penitentiary for all the victims' family members who wanted to watch him dieso they watched, together, via a remote closed-circuit television instead. The USS Indianapolis, with 1,196 sailors and Marines aboard, was hit by two of six torpedoes fired by a Japanese submarine. Admiral McVay had a letter of reprimand placed in King's record for that. Hundreds have already died of wounds or dehydration. The only solace was in prayer. The court convened on August 13, less than two weeks after the survivors were rescued and one day before the sinking of the . McVay was the only U.S. Navy commander convicted for losing his ship to enemy action during World War II. The oceanic whitetip is heavily built and reaches up to 13 feet in length. They pressed for full exoneration. The attack took place fifteen minutes after midnighton 30 July 1945, when the bow of the U.S. Navalheavy-cruiser, Indianapolis, was struck by two Japa-nese torpedoes. However, by at least the second day, the living were targeted. The USSIndianapolis was a battle-scarred veteran of World War II's Pacific front. Enisgn Paparo graduated from the U.S. McVays case stands in contrast to these: He did everything necessary for the Indy to go to sea, he responded properly to crises, and continued to lead in the aftermath.1 Accountability should be a standard, applied at all times in the same manner. He lost a chunk of his seniority, which was later restored by Navy Secretary James Forrestal. The Navy has a duty to retain the trust of the American people by holding commanders accountable for their actions, omissions, and misperceptions. [16] He was found in his back porch by his gardener. When I hit the water, fuel oil and sea water went down my throat. A graduate of Tottenville High School, Mr. McVay went. or "If it weren't for you, my son would be 25 years old today!" However, considering the Navys failure to apply the same standard to any other command, it becomes clear that the court-martial was in direct response to the sinking of the Indianapolis at the end of the war, and the public outcry that followed. Non-subscribers can read five free Naval History articles per month. The tragedy at sea that was the USS Indianapolis has greatly changed how the US Navy is seen ever since the exoneration of the ship's captain, Captain McVay. If you or anyone you know is having suicidal thoughts, please call the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 1-800-273-TALK (8255). According to Captain McVay III's father, Admiral Charles B. McVay Jr., "'King never forgot a grudge". In recent years the failure of the USS . The Navy has a unique tradition: to hold accountable the highest levels of leadership for any event that causes harm to sailors or U.S. national security. Many of the castaways were upbeat at first, certain rescue was on the way. As of 2020, there are ten men left, according to the Reporter-Times, and the living memory of one of America's greatest naval tragedies will not last much longer. McVay was charged with failing to zigzag and failure to order abandon ship in a timely manner. He hung around a minute or two and he said, I think Ill go get another one, I said, I think you better. He did, but I didnt ever see him again. The remainder of the crew, about 900 men, were able to abandon ship. There has been speculation that King railroaded McVay in order to shift blame from the failures of the upper echelons of the Navy. Even though he was restored to active duty after his court-martial and retired a rear admiral, the guilt of the loss haunted him for the rest of his life. The trial and conviction of Captain McVay was unprecedented. I was gagging and spitting and trying to swim away from the ship. Others flopped into the water, face first. But a combination of incompetence, bureaucratic malaise and the crushing pace of operations as the Pacific war neared its climax would doom many men: The sun would rise four times before the Navy realized Indianapolis was missing. Prior knowledge of Japanese submarines being identified in the area was withheld from the court and from McVay, prior to sailing, as well. You couldnt wait for the sun to go down. They [both Carter and the Guam routing] assured the captain everything was all right. On Christine's official Instagram account on Nov. 30, 2022, her family posted a statement announcing her death. A cause of death was not available, but McVie's family . The cause of death for Fleetwood Mac star Christine McVie has been . USS Indianapolis (CA-35) underway . The sinking of the cruiser on July 30th 1945 resulted in one of the greatest losses of life in the history of the United States Navy. He remained close to Prince David. After a two-week trial, McVay was found guilty. He was promoted to rear admiral upon his retirement in 1949. Her family announced her. Born in Huguenot in 1941, he was the only son of George and Flora McVay. On Nov. 6, 1968, at half past noon, McVay shot himself in the head with his service revolver outside his home in Litchfield, Conn. The chief medical officer, Lewis L. Haynes,recalled, "There was nothing I could do but give advice, bury the dead, save the life jackets, and try to keep the men from drinking the salt water when we drifted out of the fuel oil.". After Tinian, the Indy made for Leyte vis--vis Guam. April 3, 2023 | 4:46pm. That might have been the end of the story of the Indianapolis. No one dreamed that Indianapolis would be at sea at all, the war being almost over. Charles III was a 1920 graduate of the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis, Maryland. Also, it has been asserted that King, who was known as being a tempestuous and vindictive man, had a personal grudge against McVay's father from his days at the U.S. Charles B. McVay, III, also were instrumental in the commissioning of a memorial to their lost shipmates, which also is in Indianapolis. It was like having your head in a hole in the middle of a mirror, with all this sunlight being reflected and burning your face. McVay led the ship through the invasion of Iwo Jima, then the bombardment of Okinawa in the spring of 1945, during which Indianapolis anti-aircraft guns shot down seven enemy planes before the ship was struck by a kamikaze on March 31, inflicting heavy casualties, including eight dead, and penetrating the ship's hull. After a Navy Court of Inquiry recommended that McVay be court-martialed for the loss of Indianapolis, Admiral Chester Nimitz disagreed and instead issued the captain a letter of reprimand. England, Gordon R. (July 11, 2001), Memorandum for the Chief of Naval Operations from the Secretary of the Navy. Ensign L. Peter Wren, Rescuer: We get to the survivors and there are these [oil-covered] facesblack hair and faces, round eyes, white teeth. Warner introduced a resolution in 2000 to exonerate McVay. Loel Dene Cox, Seaman Second Class: The big ships like Indianapolis didnt have sonar and they required some destroyers to be with them. He wasnt exonerated of any wrongdoing until 2000, after his death. Congress passed a resolution absolving him last fall. One was Captain McVay, who was court-martialed soon after the war and found guilty of endangering his vessel by failing to steer a zigzag course to avoid torpedoes. Edgar Harrell, Marine Corporal: On that fourth day, I said, I hear a plane! And we began to splash water, we began to yell, we began to prayeverything! While McVays conviction was legally correct, the standard of accountability applied to him was never applied with the same rigor to anyone else, and was not, therefore, a standard.. [1] After years of mental health problems, he killed himself aged 70 years. [19] McVay also struggled throughout his life from the impact of vitriolic letters and phone calls he periodically received from grief-stricken relatives of dead crewmen who served aboard the Indianapolis. The clear answer is no; McVay could not have done anything to prevent the sinking of the ship. Christine McVie, known for her bluesy-sounding vocals and keyboards, a member of the influential rock band Fleetwood Mac, died on Wednesday at 79 after a brief illness. Christine McVie, vocalist and keyboardist of Fleetwood Mac, has died at age 79. Men hallucinated seeing the ship beneath them full of food and water. When a shark approached, the men beat at it to drive it away. Those in the center of a group fared best. Then, on July 28, McVay and his crew put to sea again, this time on a routine voyage from Guam to Leyte, Philippines, about 1,200 miles almost due west across the Philippine Sea. It was only when the ship arrived at Tinian and a small boat came alongside and the first thing offloaded were the two cylindrical containers that I immediately knew what it wasthat those had to hold the two pieces of an atomic, or uranium, bomb. And then by probably about 5 or 6 oclock in the morning, I was still swimming. 1061 Words5 Pages. Joseph Thomas (Annapolis, MD: U.S. McVay retired in 1949 as a rear admiral. McVay then proceeded to the radio room to get out a distress call, and was swept overboard as the Indy listed to 60 degrees and sank 12 minutes after the first torpedo struck. Earlier in World War II, he was awarded the Silver Star for displaying courage under fire. Or that its sinking would precipitate the worst sea disaster in the U.S. Navys history. As you can imagine, the psychological toll on the crew was devastating. By the morning of Aug. 3, 1945, there were a little over 300 crew of the USSIndianapolis left. From May 43-October 44, McVay chaired the Joint Intelligence Staff in Washington DC. Men's skin burned by day and then although the tropical water was warm, it was still colder than human body temperature. Thechief medical officer reported McVay saying, "I can't tell you what the mission is. An autopsy revealed that Phil Harris had succumbed to complications caused by his stroke. Called affectionately,Indy, the heavy cruiser had seen action from New Guinea to the Aleutian Islands. All Rights Reserved. McVay did not receive the standard of accountability demonstrated throughout World War II. Captain Charles B. McVay III commanded Indianapolis on the final voyage. They prayed for rescue. This made short work of the veteran cruiser. Still, the 900 men clung to the thought of imminent rescue. Grieves was arrested Dec. 16 at her home in Sneads Ferry, North Carolina, and charged with simple assault, Maj. C. D. Thomas of the Onslow County Sheriff's Office told Military.com. GEORGE MCVAY OBITUARY. Indianapolis depicts the ordeal of the men of the Indianapolis during her last voyage (with McVay portrayed by Stacy Keach), as does the 2016 film USS Indianapolis: Men of Courage (with McVay portrayed by Nicolas Cage). They thrashed about desperately and drank even more seawater, thinking it would cure their thirst. If you or anyone you know is having suicidal thoughts, please call the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 1-800-273-TALK (8255) . Just twelve minutes later the vessel,along with three hundred of its men, sank to the oceanfloor. When autocomplete results are available use up and down arrows to review and enter to select. Naval Academy in 2021 and is currently pursuing a masters degree at Georgetown University. Charles B. McVay, III, be court-martialed. By Thursday morning, August 2, the dead outnumbered the living. Commander Mochitsura of I-58 was given special permission to visit the United States to testify in the inquiry, and said that zigzagging would not have saved the Indianapolis. I strapped mine on before jumping overboard and went through the Navy procedure, holding on to the collar when you hit the water. Though in each of these cases the commanders were not directly responsible, their failure to prepare the crew, ensure the safety of the ship, and to properly respond to operational demands made them accountable for those incidents. The intelligence was shared with top brass, but they chose to disregard it. The ship's last major action was to bombard Okinawa in March 1945. It was very miserable because of the sun burning the skin, one could not escape it. Following years of efforts by some survivors and others to clear his name, McVay was posthumously exonerated by the 106th United States Congress and President Bill Clinton on October 30, 2000. Also in 2016, USS Indianapolis: The Legacy was released. They earned their name from the flecks of white that are prominent on the sharks fins. The Japanese are on their last legs, and theres nothing to worry about.. When the ship did not reach Leyte on the 31st, as scheduled, no report was made that she was overdue. Indianapolis and the Extraordinary Story of Its Survivors, tells of how men's thoughts turned to suicide. McVeigh, a former U.S. Army soldier, was convicted of 11 counts of murder, conspiracy and using a weapon of mass destruction after detonating a fertilizer bomb in front of a downtown Oklahoma City. Christine McVie, the singer-songwriter behind some of Fleetwood Mac's biggest hits, died Wednesday following a brief illness . It wasnt hard to be talked into things out there. [11] It was widely felt that he had been a fall guy for the Navy. And you could see the sharks eating your comrade. Updated: July 28, 2020 | Original: July 27, 2018. "Men Desert Women and Fill Boats." Los Angeles Herald, February 14, 1907. This orientation toward the value of accountability allows a closer analysis of McVays responsibility in the sinking of the Indianapolis. Other articles where Charles B. McVay, III is discussed: USS Indianapolis: Rescue and aftermath: commanding officer of the Indianapolis, Capt. They were wagering it was anything from a new type of airplane engine to scented toilet paper for General MacArthur. When he and nearly 1,200 USS Indianapolis crew members sailed from Mare Island, California, on July 16, 1945, no one aboard dreamed that in exactly two weeks they would be cast adrift while their beloved Indianapolis, the 5th Fleet flagship, lay at the bottom of the sea. (Technically, the Navy itself is powerless to nullify the court-martial findings, Mr. England said in a letter to Senator Smith. It was confirmed by her family's statement that she died peacefully at the hospital following a brief illness. McVay's ship, but not McVay himself, is mentioned in the 1975 blockbuster movie Jaws, in which the character of Quint is portrayed as a survivor of the incident. Captain McVay was court-martialed as responsible for the sinking, in which almost almost 900 men were killed. Louis Kayo Erwin, Coxswain: Most didnt pay attention at first, it was just the typical loading of supplies with the crane. The crew of the USSIndianapolis would not have cared about what species of shark was attacking. The 610-foot-long heavy cruiser was chopped into three sections, all of. The Portland class heavy cruiser USS Indianapolis set out on her secret mission July 16, 1945, under the command of Captain Charles Butler McVay III. Those who were injured with open wounds drew the sharks first because of the scent of blood. I didnt have anything. Admiral Nimitz later told Indianapolis survivors that McVeys court-martial was a mistake. Commander Hashimoto, in a letter to Senator Warner in 1999, said, Our peoples have forgiven each other for that terrible war, perhaps it is time your peoples forgave Captain McVay for the humiliation of his unjust conviction. At the decommissioning of the USS Indianapolis (SSN-697) in February 1998, an Indy survivor asked Captain William Toti to help exonerate his former captain and, a few years later, Congress passed a resolution exonerating McVay, signed by President Bill Clinton in 2000. McVay, the only Navy captain court-martialed for losing a ship during the war, died by suicide in 1968. These reunions include a memorial service for those who were lost at the sinking and to honor those Indy veterans who have passed. So hot, it was miserablelike hell. . These may have been the lucky ones. Admiral Ernest King overturned Nimitz's decision and recommended a court-martial, which Secretary of the Navy James Forrestal later convened. The testimony of the Japanese commander who sank his ship also seemed to exonerate McVay. About 300 men went down with the ship, including Chief Warrant Officer Leonard Woods. By the time a patrol plane found them, just more than 300 were still alive. "Our peoples have forgiven each other for that terrible war. The first trouble was exposure. During the 00000400 watch on the morning of 30 July, Japanese submarine I-58, commanded by Commander Hashimoto Mochitsura, fired six torpedoes at the Indy; two struck her forward starboard side at 0003 and 0004, respectively. This week, Navy Secretary Gordon R. England ordered that a memorandum reflecting the Congressional resolution be put into Captain McVay's file. They had guards on station at all times. Some 300 of the 1,195 crew were killed immediately. The top global causes of death, in order of total number of lives lost, are associated with three broad topics: cardiovascular (ischaemic heart disease, stroke), respiratory (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lower respiratory infections) and neonatal conditions - which include birth asphyxia and birth trauma, neonatal sepsis and infections, and preterm birth complications. The purpose is to ensure commanders are aware that they are responsible for identifying and correcting problems before they arise. He took me to the railroad station after boot camp, and he shook my hand with a real firm look in his eye and said, I want you to come home, Dick. And I said,Well, the war is just about over Dad, dont worry about it. So, when I was in the water and I wanted to give up, I saw my dads face, and I wasnt going to give up for him. After Indys crew offloaded the top-secret shipment, Captain McVay stopped over at Guam. To that end, a toxicology report was conducted to find the cause of death. Another failure occurred when naval intelligence received information that the Japanese had sunk something in the area where the Indianapolis was expected to voyage. It is estimated by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), that the species has declined between 80% and 95% in the Pacific since the 1990s. It was chaotic and confusing. But in fact, it was only the beginning. There were hardly enough life rafts. You see that and you wonder, 'Is that going to me tomorrow or yet today? Mon 11 Jun 2001 22.04 EDT. About 300 of its crewmen were dead within minutes. '", Another survivor, Clarence Hershberger, who was interviewed by the Palm Beach Post, only saw one or two sharks but recalled, "But you knew they were there because somebody would let out a blood-curdling scream like you never heard before. In fact, on July 31, 1945, the naval staff at Leyte removed the USSIndianapolis from its arrival board. Once plentiful through the world's oceans, the oceanic whitetip has become a victim of bycatch and rising demand for shark fins. He is young again. The yard birds [shipyard workers] took all of the equipment off our ship in a big hurry! One of Captain McVay's defenders was Mochitsura Hashimoto, commander of the Japanese submarine that attacked the Indianapolis. Full Biography [Text Version] [Original .pdf], DANFS - Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships, Permitting Policy and Resource Management, The 9/11 Terrorist Attacks: 20 Years Later, "Ex Scientia Tridens": The U.S. This cause was further supported by a letter from the then 90-year old Mochitsura Hashimoto to Sen. John Warner. Aboard Indianapolis, Captain McVay was trying to verify that a distress signal had been transmitted when a wall of water swept him from the ship along with hundreds of his men. Charles Butler McVay III (August 31, 1898 - November 6, 1968) was an American naval officer and the commanding officer of the cruiser USS Indianapolis which was lost in action in 1945, resulting in a significant loss of life. He repeatedly asked the Navy why it took five days to rescue his men, and he never received an answer. He is survived by his beloved wife of 42 years, Nancy McVay . However, according to authorsLynn Vincent and Sara Vladic, the plane's antenna had broken. George Horvath, Fireman First Class: Rescue planes dropped this one survival craft close to where I was and I thought, Geez, theres gotta be water on that! After four and a half days you get pretty thirsty. The story is so remarkable, entwined with so many iconic events, that it evokes Greek tragedy rather than western history: She appeared to be a large cruiser approaching off the submarines starboard bow. Some were left floating in the water, many without lifeboats, until the rescue of 316 survivors was completed four days (100 hours) later. Mochitsura Hashimoto, center, former Japanese sub commander, testifies at the Dec. 13, 1945, session of the Navy court-martial in Washington, trying Capt. For instance, McVay requested a destroyer escort for Indianapolis,[9] but his request was denied because the priority for destroyers at the time was escorting transports to Okinawa and picking up downed aircrew in B-29 raids on Japan. The shark, which you don't meet until one hour and 21 minutes into the movie, is a malevolent and mysterious force its absence makes it more terrifying. On Nov. 6, 1968, at half past noon, McVay shot himself in the head with his service revolver outside his home in Litchfield, Conn. Things are very quiet, Commodore James Carter, commander of Pacific Fleets advance headquarters, told him. Her aviation fuel stores ignited, and a maelstrom of flame and explosions ripped through the ship. In 2019, PBS released a 90-minute documentary titled USS Indianapolis: The Final Chapter. Charles B. McVay, III, bore the brunt of it. What very few knew at that time, "Indie" was delivering "Little Boy" to the Pacific island of Tinian, the atomic bomb later dropped on Hiroshima. The loss of the Indianapolis, and failure of the Navy to recognize its non-arrival in port, remains one of the most tragic episodes in U.S. In the immediate aftermath, a court of inquiry recommended Capt. But the shadow, and evidently guilt, of the disaster never left McVay. Instead, he stood fast, trying to send an SOS even as Indy headed for the bottom. This is not to say that the Navy should be ruled by opinion within its own ranks; rather, this is to say that the Navy should always seek to link causes and effects when holding commanders accountable, rather than punish leaders for effects of which they played no causal role. I mean stone black, and its midnight. '', See the article in its original context from. "It is with a heavy heart that we notify you of Christine's passing," they said to fans . Plot Gone.. Facing Death. . For more see USS Indianapolis (CA-35)and Documents Relating to Loss of USS Indianapolis. He was convicted on the former. The 52-year old found unresponsive laying at her friend's home in Waialua on Oahu's North Shore on the morning of May 11. 1. The target closed the distance: 2,500 yards . The ship's captain, Charles McVay . TimesMachine is an exclusive benefit for home delivery and digital subscribers. Floating in the Pacific Ocean under a broiling sun, delirious from thirst, nearly 600 died over the next four days. Naval Institute, the chief of naval operations, Adm. Ernest J. Lessons in Accountability: Charles McVay and the Indianapolis, The Sinking of the Indy & Responsibility of Command, the only U.S. Navy commander convicted for losing his ship, the risk of submarine attack was negligible,. Major Robert Furman, Chief Intelligence Officer, Manhattan Project: The shipment was no bigger than two old-fashioned ice cream freezers, cylindrical and of shiny aluminum. She was 79. Men started getting ideas that the ship wasnt far in the distance, King says. It was controversial at the time and remains so today. On July 26, 1945, the sea breeze brought the welcome smell of tropical land, signaling that Indianapolis was approaching the 40-square-mile coral lozenge referred to by Manhattan Project insiders simply as Destination. A miniature armada of motor whaleboats and other small vessels streamed toward the ship, all of them containing a lopsided number of high-ranking brass. It led the charge in taking the Gilbert Islands and then the Marshalls. Theyd say, The Indy is down below, and theyre giving out fresh water and food in the galley! And theyd swim down, and a shark would get them. USS Indianapolis. With hardly any freshwater to speak of, the men were sorely tempted to drink the seawater. Under his command, Indianapolis participated in attacks on Iwo Jima, Tokyo, and was critically damaged by a kamikaze in the pre-invasion of Okinawa. https://www.nytimes.com/2001/07/14/us/captain-once-a-scapegoat-is-absolved.html. Ensign John Woolston, Junior Damage Control Officer: Back in the late 30s and 40s, I think, Time magazine had an article that talked a little bit about the possibilities of what could be done with uranium. The Fleetwood Mac keyboardist died of a massive stroke, which was brought on by an aggressive form of cancer . In a court martial that became controversial years later, the captain of the Indianapolis, Charles B. McVay III, was found guilty of not running a "zig-zag" course to evade Japanese submarines. But he never really recovered from his ordeal, and he shot himself to death in 1968. Captain McVay was court-martialed as responsible for the sinking, in which almost almost 900 men were killed. While the frequency of letters would subside over the years, they were always regular either during holidays, birthdays, or the anniversary of the sinking. The Indy then proceeded to Guam, departing there for Leyte on 28 July, 1945. The Navy also has a duty to the sailors and commanders traumatized by the aftermath of such a conclusion. Christine McVie, a British keyboardist and Fleetwood Mac co-vocalist whose honeyed voice guided several classics, passed away on Wednesday at the age of 79. This things jumping mighty bad, and I dont know whats going to happen. George went, and he come back in a few minutes and had one life jacket, so he gave me that one. With a few infrequent absences, McVie was a member of Fleetwood Mac for more than 50 years and added a delicate touch to their sound. The 1991 made-for-television movie Mission of the Shark: The Saga of the U.S.S. A middle schooler brings redemption Naval History and Heritage Command On Nov. 24, 1999, a year before his death, Mr. Hashimoto wrote to Senator Warner. Nonetheless, there was little legal basis to appeal or overturn McVays conviction. The vast majority of men bobbed like corks covered with viscous oil. His four-minute execution by . Most people tend to focus on the case and court martial of Captain McVay instead of the tragedy itself. It is estimated that up to 150 of the USSIndianapolis'crew were killed by sharks (via Smithsonian Magazine). Once-sane crew pulled off life vests and immersed themselves in the water, never to surface again. We left thinking everything was fine. Subscribe now and never hit a limit. Many of his surviving crewmen believed the military had made him a scapegoat. A court of inquiry recommended a court-martial for McVay in September 1945, for his failure to zigzag and for taking too long to abandon ship.
Cabins For Sale On Monroe Mountain Utah,
City Of Detroit Precinct Map,
Assistant Principal Vision Statement,
Articles C